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Settlement marker-

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Settlement markers Settlement markers are the instruments installed in the soil backfill .this will help us to monitor the settlement of compacted soil.it consists of square 1*1m steel plate welded to a hollow pipe section.the hollow pipe will run along the height of the section. The settlement is placed on the first layer of compacted soil.usually soil will be compacted in layers in every 300mm depth.the total height of marker depends on the total depth of soil fill. During installation the verticality of pipes are to be checked using plumb off or bubble instrument.the flatness of bottom plate also need to checked Intially the fore sight,back sight and level of the base plate and top of pipe readings were taken.then this will periodically taken as twice or thrice in a week. The readings are periodically noted and the change in the plate and pipe readings are calculated. Settlement marker Checking pipe verticality
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civil engineering-identify the material-spun piles

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the picture above shows the stacked spun piles
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Filling and backfilling works of soil-civil engineering

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Filling or backfilling of soil Procedure for filling of soil 1.The site area to be filled shall be cleared from vegetation,debris etc. 2.the survey has to be taken for determining the depth of filling 3.the setting out of boundary has to be done in terms of chainage 4.pegs to be installed showing the filling depth marked by marker 5.say the filling depth as 300mm ,then pegs should be installed indicating it 6.if required combigrid of suitable size shall be placed  7.start filling with 300mm layer soil from one side and complete till the whole area 8.do the compaction as per specifications 9.condut the FDT or field CBR test as reccomended by engineer 10.obtain the result and check all the output are satisfied ,if not repeat the same procedure till the test result are passed. Compacted soil Leveling of soil for compaction by motor grader Filling of soil Compaction of soil
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Pile dynamic analysis-civil engineering-construction

Pile dynamic analysis: Pile dynamic analysis verbaly spelt as PDA is conducted on the pile to determine its frictional resistance and pile integrity. To conduct this test two accelerator and two sensors are drilled and placed on the test pile.these accelerotor and sensor are connceted to a pda analyser which run by software to produce the results. A hydraulic hammer is placed on the top of test pile,and then blows where given .the accelorator and sensor will record the waves and transmit to the pda analyser.finaly PDA results are obtained in the monitor
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Micro piles-civil construction

MICRO PILES Micro piles are the friction piles constructed to transfer the load deep under the soil.they are hollow circular steel sections filled with cement grout. This piles are constructed till the predetermined depth of that particular area. The predetermined depth is the maximum depth at which the borelogs were taken. The length of each steel section varies.it consists of starter and end pile.they are connected to each other by welding. At first the location of micropile point is surveyed and then the holes are digged to required depth.then the coonected section of micropile is inserted and the cement grout will be poured and then allowed to cure. The load for the test pile is carried out to ensure the load carrying capacity of the pile.two times the design load is applied and settlement for the varying load is noted.the settlement should not be 10 percentage of the pile diameter
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Pile load test

Piles are the structural elements which transfer the load of the super structure safely to the safe bearing strata .they are classified as end bearing piles and friction piles. Inorder to make sure the pile can transfer the load we need to do the pile load test. As per IS specification a load of two times the design load of the pile will be kept above the test pile and the test is done. The loads are applied and the corresponding settlements are noted.if the settlement is less than the 10 percentage of the diameter of pile that pile is passec.
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spun piles-civil construction

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spun piles-civil construction A prestressed piles.this type piles are cylindrical shaped of variable diameter and thickness. They are formed by spinning motion of concrete and steel reinforcement inside the pile mould subjected to curing for 28 days. the spun piles are available in various lengths,diameter and thickness. Usually there will be starter pile and end pile.,and some cases there will be extension piles also.these are the piles which is in between starter and end pile.the insufficient length formed by the starter and end pile to reach hard strata is the reason for providing extension piles. they are driven in to soil by hydraulic hammers with the help of crane. The joint between the piles are connected by welding.the final set graph will taken to Check it whether it reached sufficient depth.   spun pile Spun pile after construction .
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